Bengali language Wikipedia

In 2010, the parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official UN language. In 1948, the government of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the sole state language in Pakistan, giving rise to the Bengali language movement. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the Mughal Empire conquered Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century. During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the elision of the word-final অ ô and the spread of compound verbs, which originated from the Sanskrit schwa. A research document Classical Bangla published in 2024 by the Kolkata-based institute “Institute of Language Studies and Research” (ILSR), mentions the presence of 51 Bengali words in the dictionary.

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• Hear another recording of the Bengali vowels by Amuk F.
• Although the written language of West Bengal and Bangladesh is more or less similar, spoken Bangla differs widely.
• Some dialects, particularly those of the Chittagong region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB.

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Two of these, /oi̯/ and /ou̯/, are the only ones with representation in script, as ঐ and ঔ respectively. Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs, combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable. The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety – often, speakers are fluent in Cholitobhasha (SCB) and one or more regional dialects. Some dialects, particularly those of the Chittagong region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB. However, a majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. For example, the word salt is লবণ lôbôṇ in the east which corresponds to নুন nun in the west.

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What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect of Nadia, a district located near Kolkata. Some variants of Bengali, particularly Chittagonian and Chakma Bengali, have contrastive tone; differences in the pitch of the speaker’s voice can distinguish words. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bengal (Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka and Sylhet divisions of Bangladesh), many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal are pronounced as fricatives. https://nforbanana.com/bd/demo Linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterjee grouped these dialects into four large clusters—Radh, Banga, Kamarupa and Varendra; but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed.

Sylheti, Chittagonian and Chakma are considered dialects of Bengali by some people, and closely related but separate languages by others. After close contact with several indigenous Austroasiatic languages, and later the Delhi Sultanate, the Bengal Sultanate, and the Mughal Empire, whose court language was Persian, numerous Arabic, Persian, and Chaghatai words were absorbed into the lexicon. Because of centuries of contact with Europeans, Turkic peoples, and Persians, Bengali has absorbed numerous words from foreign languages, often totally integrating these borrowings into the core vocabulary.

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The Bengali alphabet is an abugida, a script with letters for consonants, diacritics for vowels, and in which an “inherent” vowel is assumed if none is written. The Bengali abugida is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting the independent form of nine vowels and two diphthongs, and thirty-nine signs denoting the consonants with the so called “inherent” vowels. Though formal spoken Bengali is modeled on manno cholit bangla, the majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety—often, speakers are fluent in choltibhasha and one or more Regional dialects.